Who among the people depicted below is still alive?

Panther Red

For some time now I’ve kept typing into Google variations on this question: “Which of the people represented on the cover of Sgt Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band are still alive?” Lots of sites identify the people, but nowhere does it seem that there is a list of who’s alive and who’s dead. So I decided to take a few minutes on Wikipedia and make up such a list myself.

Alive (UPDATED)

Larry Bell

Dion diMucci

Bob Dylan

Paul McCartney*

Ringo Starr

Dead (date of death in parentheses)

Bobby Breen (19 September 2016)

Shirley Temple Black (10 February 2014)

Tony Curtis (29 September 2010)

Richard Merkin (5 September 2009)

Karlheinz Stockhausen (5 December 2007)

Marlon Brando (1 July 2004)

Albert Stubbins (28 December 2002)

George Harrison (29 November 2001)

Huntz Hall (30 January 1999)

William S. Burroughs (2 August 1997)

Terry Southern (29 October 1995)

Marlene Dietrich (6 May 1992)

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The totalitarian mind vs. lexical register

Earlier today I posted a thread on Twitter in response to this tweet by Katherine Apostolacus

:

My response was eight tweets long, so I’ll present it here as ordinary text:

I sometimes think that there’s a totalitarian streak inherent in modernity that makes us uncomfortable with the whole concept of lexical register. Our rulers want us to behave as if there is no great gulf separating us from them, as if we all make up one big team.

The ability to alternate between formal and informal registers undermines this pretense. Formal registers do so by putting distinctions of status in the foreground. Informal registers do it by creating a space for subordinated groups to develop their own ways of speaking, thus demonstrating that they are not assimilated to the one big team. And of course when members of one group switch to an informal register rich in expressions specific to their group, they also signal to members of other groups that the conversation is no longer meant to include them and they put them at a disadvantage if they try to butt in.

Other alternations also challenge any group trying to represent its way of talking as the only way. Archaic registers remind us of a time before our rulers assumed their powers and suggest that events which took place then are still consequential now. Totalitarian leaders don’t like to be reminded of anything they can’t control, and therefore hate the whole idea of an unavoidably relevant past.

Technical registers may enforce the power of the members of the ruling elite who are proficient in them, but even as they have that effect they also make it clear, first, that expertise is in itself a source of power distinct from the hierarchy of the elite, and, second, there is an order of things which the people at the top of the system cannot alter to fit into the categories with which they are at home. 

How long ago was Christmas Day 2021?

  1. Christmas Day 2021 was about a month ago, so we’re as far from that Christmas as it was from the Russian anti-satellite test that endangered the International Space Station.
  2. In its turn, that test is now about as far in the past as the US withdrawal from Afghanistan was when it took place.
  3. That withdrawal is now as far in the past as the container ship Ever Given getting stuck in the Suez canal was when it happened.
  4. The Ever Given incident is halfway in time between the present and the SpaceX Dragon 2 launch in May 2020.
  5. The SpaceX Dragon 2 launch is halfway between the present and Canada’s legalization of cannabis in October 2018.
  6. Canada’s legalization of cannabis is halfway back to July 2015, when New Horizons flew by Pluto.
  7. The New Horizons flyby is halfway back to early 2009, when Barack Obama became US President.
  8. Mr O’s inauguration is halfway back to early 1996, when Muppet Treasure Island was playing in theaters.
  9. The release of Muppet Treasure Island is halfway back to the summer of 1969, when Apollo 11 landed on the Moon.
  10. Apollo 11 is halfway back to 1916, when a million people died for absolutely nothing in the battle of the Somme.
  11. The battle of the Somme is halfway back to 1811, when the battle of Tippecanoe spelled doom for Native Americans in what would become the state of Indiana.
  12. The battle of Tippecanoe is halfway back to 1600, when they killed Giordano Bruno for having opinions.
  13. The killing of Giordano Bruno is halfway back to 1178, when five monks in Canterbury saw the meteor strike that formed the crater on the Moon that is named Giordano Bruno.
  14. The formation of the Giordano Bruno crater is halfway back to 334, when Constantine the Great was nearing the end of his time as emperor of the Romans.
  15. Constantine’s reign is halfway back to 600 BCE, when the city of Milan was founded.
  16. The founding of Milan is halfway back to the origins of the Assyrian civilization.
  17. The origins of the Assyrian civilization are halfway back to the Younger Dryas cooling event.
  18. The Younger Dryas is halfway back to the founding of the oldest permanent human settlement yet found, a group of huts where the town of Dolní Věstonice now stands in the Czech Republic.
  19. The settlement at Dolní Věstonice is halway back to the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic Age.
  20. The beginning of the Upper Paleolithic Age is halfway back to the building of the earliest surviving stone structures on Earth, which stand near Wadi Haifa in southern Egypt.
  21. The building of the Wadi Haifa structures is halfway back to the first evidence of humans in Europe (circa 210,000 years ago.)
  22. The oldest evidence for humans in Europe is halfway back to the likely date of the first bears.
  23. The first bears are halfway back to the beginning of the Cryogenian Ice Age (circa 850,000 years ago.)
  24. The beginning of the Cryogenian Ice Age is halfway back to the earliest stone tools crafted by hominins.
  25. The first stone tools crafted by hominins are halfway back to the first human ancestors who ate grasses and sedges.
  26. The first human ancestors who ate grasses and sedges are halfway back to the last common ancestors of humans and the other great apes (circa 7,000,000 years ago.)
  27. The last common ancestors of humans and the other great apes are halfway back to the Middle Miocene Climate Transition.
  28. The Middle Miocene Climate Transition is halfway back to the comet strike in the Sahara that produced all that black glass.
  29. The comet strike in the Sahara is halfway back to the Paleocene/ Eocene Thermal Maximum (circa 56,000,000 years ago.)
  30. The Paleocene/ Eocene Thermal Maximum is halfway back to the extinction of Pelorosaurus (circa 112,000,000 years ago.)
  31. The extinction of Pelorosaurus is halfway back to time of the common ancestors of mammals, the mammaliaformes.
  32. The mammaliaformes appeared halfway between the present and the Late Ordovician Event, a mass extinction that wiped out about 85% of all marine species (450,000,000 years ago.)
  33. The Late Ordovician Event is about halfway back to the appearance of the first multicellular life on Earth (circa 900,000,000 years ago.)
  34. The appearance of the first multicellular life on Earth is about halfway back to the appearance of the first eukaryotes on Earth.
  35. The appearance of the first eukaryotes on Earth is about halfway back to the formation of the oldest fossils yet found on Earth (circa 3,500,000,000 years ago.)
  36. The oldest fossils yet found date back about halfway to the formation of Arcturus (circa 6,900,000,000 years ago.)
  37. Multiply 6,900,000,000 by two, and you get 13,800,000,000. So the formation of Arcturus dates back halfway between the present and the Big Bang. Now you know how long ago Christmas really was.

Our old links page for comics

Most of the links below worked when I tried them this afternoon, and several lead to sites that are still updating.

Comics

(This page most recently updated 20 January 2019)

Comics

  1. Bad Reporter, what the front page of the newspaper might as well look like
  2. Basic Instructions, “Your all-inclusive guide to a life well-lived”
  3. Black Cat and Star Pilot, interesting comics that look like they are from the American southwest
  4. Blondie, which may be over 80 years old, but is still fascinating to look at
  5. Bug Martini, “random nonsense five days a week”
  6. Chainsawsuit, by the prolific Kris Straub
  7. The City, John Backderf (aka “Derf”) expresses his frustration with the US political scene
  8. Cul de Sac, a strip following in the tradition of Peanuts, by imagining children as less-inhibited adults
  9. DailyKos comics section, including Tom TomorrowSlowpoke, and others who express frustration with the US political scene
  10. The Dark Side of the Horse, which is sometimes over Acilius’ head
  11. Deep Dark Fears, by Fran Krause
  12. Diesel Sweeties, by Richard Stevens III (alias “R. Stevens”)
  13. Dinosaur ComicsT. Rex ‘n’ friends have a series of bull sessions
  14. Doghouse Diaries, no dogs in sight
  15. Existential Comics, “a philosophy comic about the inevitable anguish of living a brief life in an absurd world. Also jokes.”
  16. Foxtrot, updates Sundays
  17. Garfield Minus Garfield, which makes us wonder how they keep “Garfield” from being funny; Arbuckle does the same thing;  the Square Root of Minus Garfield tries a little too hard
  18. “Too Much Coffee Man,” a.k.a. How to Be Happy, by Shannon Wheeler
  19. Imagine This, quietly brilliant gag-a-day strip
  20. Indexed, Jessica Hagy uses charts and graphs to analyze some really important relationships
  21. Junior Scientist Power Hour, by Abby Howard
  22. The K Chronicles, cartoonist Keith Knight (who also does The Knight Life)
  23. Lunar Baboon, a guy who wants you to know he’s a cool dad
  24. Medium Large, cats, comics, and other things that ought to be sharp
  25. Monty doesn’t really stand out as a black-and-white strip in a daily newspaper, but look at it in color and you’ll be a fan
  26. Mutts,  Patrick McDonnell reimagines Krazy Kat and Ignatz in a gentler light, with Ignatz transformed from mouse to dog
  27. Mythtickle, in which Justin Thompson goes places Asterix never quite got round to
  28. Nancy, which has gone to surprising places
  29. The Oatmeal, achingly beautiful stories about dogs mixed in with other stuff
  30. Oglaf, weekly strip that is to sex what xkcd is to math
  31. Please Listen to Me, about how things change when you change your perspective
  32. Raghead the Fiendly Neighbourhood Terrorist, a creation of Biswapriya Purkayastha, who denies that he is “a nice person in any sense of the word”
  33. Retail, which shows that a serial strip can be drawn in the style of a gag-a-day strip and still work
  34. Robbie and Bobby, “about the indestructible friendship of a robot and his boy”
  35. Sarah’s Scribbles, Sarah C. Andersen lays it on the line Wednesdays and Saturdays
  36. Saturday Morning Breakfast Cereal, the world of some grumpy grad student
  37. Scenes from a Multiverse, remarkably mild
  38. Super-Team Family, covers of imaginary comic books, in which established characters are teamed in unlikely ways
  39. Ted Rall is a US political cartoonist who opposes both the Republicans and Democrats, just because of their shared habit of murdering defenseless people.  Picky, picky.
  40. Three Word Phrase, Ryan Pequin’s gag-a-day webcomic
  41. Tom the Dancing Bug, Ruben Bolling expresses his frustration with the US political scene (he also does Super-Fun-Pak Comix, which is great)
  42. Two Party Opera, where dead and not yet dead US presidents hang out
  43. Unshelved, a strip by librarians, about librarians, for librarians.  If you’re a non-librarian and you read it, you’re a voyeur.
  44. Wondermark, looks like 1896, reads like 1996
  45. xkcd, stick figures who enjoy math; and what-if, in which similar figures stand by watching helplessly as physics is used to answer hypothetical questions
  46. Zen Pencils, by Gavin Aung Than, who calls it “a website where inspirational quotes from famous people are adapted into cartoons”

Less Frequently Updated

  1. Sarah E. Laing’s “Let Me Be Frank“; she used to do “Forty Four Ways of Looking at an Apple” also
  2. Lead Paint Comics, by Mike Cornnell and Dana Wulfekotte (it seems that Mike Cornnell’s name actually does have two “n”s in it)
  3. Lucy Knisley moves around a lot, this link worked last time we updated this page (here’s her tumblr)
  4. Marlo Meekins, not for the squeamish
  5. Occupy Comics Shazam, doesn’t include Shazam or the Mighty Isis, but is worth reading anyway
  6. Outnumbered, by Tom Bancroft
  7. Poorly Drawn Lines, by Reza Farazmand
  8. Spiked Math, complex reasoning, simple hilarity
  9. Unwinder’s Tall Comics, a web comic about people who try to entertain themselves without using the web
  10. With Fetus, by D. Murphy and Emily Ansara Baines, who say “It’s About Abortion!”  An interesting strip, but the art is terrible.

News and Comment

An alphabetical list

  1. Cartoon Research, compiled and edited by Jerry Beck
  2. Christ, Coffee, and Comics, Greek Orthodox priest Niko Bekris explores the theological depths hidden in stories about Superman
  3. Comic Book News Service, “a comic book community where fans find reviews, news, special features, and a column for every day of the week”
  4. Comics Curmudgeon, Josh Fruhlinger reads the funny papers
  5. Comics Reporter, “Tom Spurgeon’s Web site of comics news, reviews, interviews and commentary”
  6. Escher Girls, what the comics think a woman is
  7. Fleen, “home of the webcomics Action News Team”
  8. God and Comics, a podcast in which three Episcopal priests demonstrate that, no matter how erudite and accomplished you are, if you’re a grown man talking about why he likes Batman, you’ll start to sound like a stoner
  9. A Good Cartoon, was funny at first, but seems to be heading down a bit of an angry political rabbit hole right now
  10. I Love Ya But You’re Strange and other things by Brian Cronin (the revealer of legends)
  11. Language Log’s “Linguistics in the Comics” section
  12. Shitty New Yorker Cartoon Captions, in which the shittiness of the captions illustrates the shittiness of the cartoons
  13. Stripper’s Guide, revisits newspaper strips and comic panels of days gone by
  14. Team Cul-de-Sac

Archives and Graphic Novels

An alphabetical list

  1. The Bad Chemicals, “a sad and silly comic” by some guy named Brent
  2. Carbon Dating, “a comic strip about science, pseudoscience, and geeky relationships”
  3. Captain Confederacy, which imagines what the world might be like if the Confederacy had won the US Civil War, and superheroes were real, and the ruling elite of the Confederacy manipulated those superheroes into perpetuating white supremacy.  You know, the obvious questions everyone asks when they study the history of the 1860s.  It’s kind of like its contemporary The Watchmen, only with a focus on mass media as a regressive force in race relations.
  4. The Comic Torah, Aaron Freeman and Sharon Rosenzweig reimagine “the (very!) Good Book”
  5. Comics With Problems, comics that address themselves to social problems, but which themselves represent other social problems
  6. DAR: A Super Girly Top Secret Comic Diary, by Erika Moen
  7. Dead Philosophers in Heaven, which would make Lucian proud
  8. Dykes to Watch Out For archive, selections from Alison Bechdel’s great strip
  9. Hark! A Vagrant!”  Canadian Kate Beaton’s “comic about failure”
  10. Ignore Hitler, a title that would have been good advice to voters in the Weimar Republic, a comic that appeals to some people, for some reason
  11. Tony Millionaire’s Maakies, which picks up where the Katzenjammer Kids may someday leave off
  12. Planet of Hats, a Star Trek Recap Comic
  13. Request Comics, which somebody must have asked for
  14. Thinkin’ Lincoln, heads of famous historical figures are associated with improbable remarks
  15. Troubletown, Lloyd Dangle expressed his frustration with the US political scene
  16. “White Boy,” later known as “The Adventures of White Boy in Skull Valley,” later still as “Skull Valley,” was a newspaper strip that artist Garrett Price drew for a few years in the 1930s.  This site has scans of a couple of strips, along with a biographical note about Price; this site has a larger selection of strips;  a 2005 special issue of Comics Journal featuring the first 32 “White Boy” strips is available to Comics Journal subscribers here.
  17. Working at the Death Star, what all those guys in the background probably did on days when R2D2 and his friends weren’t around

Each country should sponsor its own international athletic festival

Here’s a comment I posted elsewhere:

I’ve always thought that each country ought to sponsor an international athletic festival focusing on sports with which it has a particular association. The Olympics could be the Greek one, held in Elis every four years and featuring events from the ancient Olympics as well as sports popular in Greece now.

In the case of a sport that is big only in the host country, as kabaddi is in India, that host country could field one team, the rest of the world could combine to form another team, and they could square off. Not only would that be a big event in the host country, but there would always be a chance the sport would catch on someplace else.

If a sport is big in two countries, you’d have national teams from those countries and a rest-of-the-world team against them. So in Canada’s international games, you could have two Canadian curling teams taking on one Scottish team and one rest-of-the world team.

In the case of sports that are big in a great many countries, you could have a great many teams. Again, it would be good to have a rest-of-the-world team in each sport collecting talented players from countries that couldn’t compete on their own. And in individual sports, people could compete as individuals, with less of the nationalistic display that permeates the Olympics. Each festival would be a showcase for its host country, so the guests would honor their own countries simply by demonstrating that they were taught how to behave appropriately when abroad.

Some tweets looking back on Russiagate

This afternoon, I saw a tweet by Matt Simonton. Prof Simonton expressed dismay at “some left circles” in which the view prevails that “‘Russiagate’ was a total hoax.” To which I responded in a thread of twelve tweets:*

1/12 We have laws regulating contacts between foreign powers and public officials, and the Trumps were as careless about those laws as about so many others. That's bad, not only because the laws are necessary, but also because violating them exposes policymakers to blackmail.

2/n So it was certainly legitimate to investigate the activities of Russians, both state actors and others, in connection with the 2016 presidential campaign. On the other hand, those who call Russiagate a hoax are not entirely wrong, for five reasons.

3/12 First, millions of admirers of the Democratic party and its currently entrenched leadership hid behind the wildest conspiracy theories rather than face the fact that their idols could not keep even Donald Trump from becoming president.

4/12 As long as they insisted on doing that, the party could neither reform itself or even allow a routine circulation of personnel in its elite ranks.

5/12 Second, Russia's attempts at meddling in the 2016 election were miniscule compared with the influence several other foreign powers, among them Saudi Arabia and the People's Republic of China,

6/n openly exercise over the US political process, and no one seems interested in investigating them.

7/12 Indeed, Russiagaters usually responded to this point simply by shouting denials that there could be any comparison between Russia and any other country.

8/12 That brings us to the third problem with Russiagate, that the USA wields tremendous influence in every corner of the world, so that people outside it really ought to have a means of influencing our politics.

9/12 The point of the regulations which Trump and his minions so cavalierly disregarded is to allow the people to choose what form of that influence will take, not to exclude it altogether.

10/12 Fourth, Trump's administration was relentlessly anti-Russian in practice, consistently choosing the most hostile available policy option at every turn.

11/12 Fifth, emphasis on Russiagate put the opposition to Trump at the mercy of the FBI, the CIA, and other such bureaucracies, leaving us with the dismal spectacle of the ostensible left clamoring for everyone to sing unending hymns of praise to the spies and secret police.

12/12 The sum total of these five problems was to make Russiagate a thoroughgoing anti-politics, as much so as any of its congeners on the far right.

Originally tweeted by Acilius (@losthunderlads) on July 15, 2021.

In his response, the professor did not disagree with any of these points, but reiterated his belief that it was rational for Vladimir Putin to prefer a Trump presidency to a Hillary Clinton one. I agreed with him there.

*Professor S protects his tweets, so I’ve tried not to reproduce them here.

Philosophy and Progress

The other day, Chris Daly of the University of Manchester published a piece at Aeon under the headline “Why Doesn’t Philosophy Progress from Debate to Consensus?

Professor Daly first discusses Thomas Kuhn’s challenge to the idea that science makes progress, limiting himself to the qualified response that, whatever the limits of science, it certainly seems to have produced a great deal more consensus among its devotees than has philosophy. I do wish Professor Daly had gone into greater depth on this point. After all, even the most restrictive definition of philosophy would have to include Plato and a more or less continuous line of thinkers from Plato’s day to ours. That gives you an enterprise that was ongoing for over two thousand years before anyone had heard of the idea of progress. It seems likely that philosophy will persist for thousands of years after that idea is forgotten, unless the human race manages to liquidate itself in the meantime. Kuhn’s model, in fact, would seem to warrant a hope that science, like philosophy, will be compatible with an understanding that all that happens over time is that you get more of some things and less of others, and in any given era the set of things that are decreasing and the set of things that are increasing will both include a mix of good and bad. On Kuhn’s account, neither science nor philosophy is dependent on a belief that history goes in a specific direction and that that direction is a desirable one.

Professor Daly goes on to list five answers traditionally given to his question:

  1. “Challenge the pessimism” by giving examples of philosophical problems that have been solved. The example which Professor Daly gives, and about which he expresses reservation, is Noam Chomsky’s claim that Newton solved the mind-body problem by positing the Force of Gravity. For Descartes, two things could not interact with each other unless they had a point of contact, and they could not have a point of contact unless they were composed of the same substance. Since mind and body seem to be different in substance, he could not explain how they could interact. By describing gravity, Chomsky argues, Newton showed that objects could interact without contact. This not only sweeps aside the proposition that bodies cannot interact without contact, but shows that there are no bodies at all in Descartes’ sense. It thereby dissolves the problem.

    Professor Daly objects that this argument only defeats Descartes’ definition of body. Physical entities do in fact exist, and mental phenomena do in fact seem to be radically different from them. So there is still a mind-body problem, even if it is not logically equivalent to the problem Descartes described.

    I would also object that Chomsky’s proposal ignores the history of the question. Whether there can be interactions among entities that are made of such different stuff that they cannot touch each other was precisely the issue when the Stoics and Epicureans argued with each other about whether humans, who are made of atoms and are therefore mortal, and gods, who are immortal and must therefore be made of something altogether different from atomic matter, can affect each other. Against the Epicurean claim that a collection of atoms could never come into contact with whatever the gods would be made of, the Stoics appealed to the laws of nature as a medium through which gods and mortals could influence each other without contact. Newton’s triumph over figures like Descartes and Spinoza repeated a battle won sixteen centuries before by Posidonius and his associates.

    If I were to give an example of a problem that philosophers had managed to solve, I would probably mention Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorem. That some mathematicians nowadays claim that side of Gödel’s work as exclusively their own, insisting that it is separate from the philosophy of mathematics, points to another reason why it often seems that the problems of philosophy are all insoluble- solve one, and people in other fields try to make off with it.

2. Dismiss the issue, and indeed the whole of philosophy, by claiming that “philosophical problems aren’t real problems.” This one doesn’t give Professor Daly much trouble. If the problems were just word-play, it would be as easy to make them go away as it is to solve a crossword puzzle, yet none of the people who make that claim has managed to accomplish such a solution.

3. Claim that “philosophical problems are just much harder than science problems” and therefore take more time to solve. He’s unimpressed by this one, and deals with it in a couple of short sentences.

4. Claim that the classic problems of philosophy resist solution because solving them requires us to do things to which our brains are not suited. Professor Daly calls this an “interesting piece of speculation,” and notes that the limits of human understanding are in fact a topic of empirical research. But he also finds it rather too convenient to say that solving philosophical problems is beyond our ken while “everything else we do in philosophy… is open to us.”

5. Daly’s own position is somewhere to be found in his description of the final option, so I will quote it in its entirety:

The fifth diagnosis, the one I think explains the most, doesn’t single out any one factor to explain philosophy’s lack of progress. Instead, it takes this to be the interaction effect of a cluster of things. As we saw in the case of intuitions, there’s controversy not only about the theories that philosophers devise but also about many of the methods or kinds of data that they appeal to in support of their theories. Also, philosophical problems have ‘entangled’ natures: proposed solutions to one problem require contentious assumptions about other live problems. For example, there’s a problem in saying what morality is about – what it is for actions or people to be morally good or bad. But this problem is not compartmentalised. Accompanying this problem about the nature of morality, there’s a problem about why we should accept some moral views rather than others. And, as we’ve seen, there’s also a problem about why anyone should care about morality. So, we have a nest of problems here: a definitional problem (what is morality?), an epistemological problem (how can we tell what’s moral?), and a motivational problem (why does morality matter?). Solutions to these problems will make assumptions about reality and our minds that raise fresh problems of their own, and so the issues ramify.

I’m a bit leery of Professor Daly’s emphasis on ethical theory- I am inclined to think that ethics is acceptable only as a subfield of epistemology. Lose sight of what humans can know and how they can be said to know it, and you quickly drift into the realms of theodicy.

A good paragraph from the memoirs of John Buchan

A few weeks ago, a venue around the corner from our house hosted a book sale to benefit a local charity. Mrs Acilius and I donated about 200 books, 50 compact discs, and a dozen DVDs to it. We bought about 100 books, 2 compact discs, and no DVDs. Of the books, I managed to read three and donate them back before the sale ended, and of those I’ve finished since I’ve left three in the Little Free Library in our neighbor’s front yard. So on balance, we have reduced the weight of our possessions somewhat.

Among the books I left in the Little Free Library after reading it was The Last Empire, a collection of essays Gore Vidal published in the 1990s. Most of those appeared originally in The New York Review of Books, The Times Literary Supplement, or The Nation. Since I subscribed to all three of those publications during that decade, many of the pieces were familiar to me. I smiled several times when I found sentences that I still think about from time to time, more than twenty years later. But there was little chance I would want to read any of them a third time, so I didn’t hesitate to give the book away when I reached the end.

At one point in that book, Vidal mentions The Pilgrim’s Way, a memoir by John Buchan, published under Buchan’s aristocratic alias “Lord Tweedsmuir.” As it so happened, I had bought a copy of that book at the same book sale. The back cover shows a photograph of Buchan, then Governor-General of Canada, in a car with Franklin Roosevelt, and that led me to hope that there might be something in it that would shed light on US-British relations in the late 1930s, a topic in which I take some interest. In his reference to the book, Vidal says that it does in fact do this. That one book from the sale would mention another, and that other being so obscure, seemed like such a coincidence that I felt I had to put a priority on reading the book. Now, in other pieces in the same collection Vidal had spoken highly of Mary McCarthy and Iris Murdoch, and I had picked up books by each of them at the same sale. Further, they were both more likely to produce books I would find interesting than was Buchan. So, I read those first (they were McCarthy’s The Groves of Academe and Murdoch’s Henry and Cato, neither of which I will be giving away any time soon.) I then turned to Buchan.

Mrs Acilius said that “Lord Tweedsmuir” seemed to be the stuffiest name a person could possibly have, which of course it is. The tagline on the dust jacket does nothing to dispel the impression the name would tend to create: “Lord Tweedsmuir- novelist, poet, historian, fisherman, explorer, member of Parliament, and Governor General of Canada; finest product of a great tradition, tells the story of his many-sided life reveals his intimate and reassuring philosophy.” It sounds like a book that would be so dull as to make you regret having learned to read. And indeed, most of it is pretty bad. Buchan keeps trailing off into eulogies of famous people he knew; some of those are moderately interesting, to a reader who is familiar with the person being eulogized, but the great majority of them describe individuals whose names mean little today, and these are virtually unreadable. In between the eulogies are all sorts of miscellaneous material- descriptions of rivers and streams in Scotland, generalizations about foreign affairs, alternating declarations that the law is the most intellectually stimulating of all professions and that practicing it bored him beyond endurance, an account of his preferred technique of shooting deer, dozens of glancing references to the American Civil War, and scores of Latin tags. He does not narrate the major events of his life at all- he tells us that he was married, that he and his wife are close companions and proud parents, and leaves it at that. He tells us that he was in indifferent health in the years 1912-1920, and that this limited his participation in the First World War; his chapter about that war is disjointed, and only perks up when he is detailing his maladies. But he was in uniform the whole time, and lets drop that he was on the front at the Somme for quite some time. All in all, it is a book that gives every appearance of not having been subjected to any form of editing. So I will be parting with it soon.

However, there is one paragraph I want to keep. It runs from the bottom of page 28 to the top of page 29 and describes his attitude towards philosophy as a subject:

My interests, as I have said, lay not in the search for a creed, but in the study of the patterns which different thinkers made out of the universe. I had a tidy mind, and liked to arrange things in compartments even when I did not take the arrangement too seriously. This meant that inevitably I missed much; quidquid recipitur, recipitur ad modum recipientis. My quest for truth, unlike Plato’s, wholly “lacked the warmth of desire.” It was a mental gymnastic, for I had neither the uneasiness nor the raptures of the true metaphysician. “Philosophy,” Sir Isaac Newton once wrote, “is such an impertinently litigious lady that a man had as good be engaged in lawsuits as to have to do with her.” I loved the intricacies of argumentation. A proof is that while I am not conscious of ever having argued about religion, or about politics except professionally, I was always very ready to dispute about philosophy. I should have been puzzled to set down my views as to the nature of thought and reality, for they were constantly changing. I never considered it necessary to harmonize my conclusions in a system. Had I been a professed philosopher, I should have been forced to crystallize my thought, but as it was, I could afford to keep it, so to speak, in solution. “L’ineptie consiste a vouloir conclure.” I was of the opinion of the Scottish metaphysician that it is more important that a philosophy should be reasoned than that it should be true.

This does not reflect my attitude, but I find it a charming statement, and want to be able to find it again.

Some notes on Winnifred Fallers Sullivan’s THE IMPOSSIBILITY OF RELIGIOUS FREEDOM

Page numbers refer to Winnifred Fallers Sullivan, The Impossibility of Religious Freedom, Princeton University Press, 2018.

Professor Winnifred Fallers Sullivan of Indiana University holds both a J. D. and a Ph.D in Religious Studies from the University of Chicago. In the 1990s, she testified as an expert witness in a case brought against the city of Boca Raton, Florida. Professor Sullivan testified in support of the plaintiffs’ claim that the ordinances specifying the kind of grave markers that could be used in Boca Raton’s municipal cemetery infringed their right to practice religion as articulated in Florida’s Religious Freedom Restoration Act.

Professor Sullivan quotes (page 108) an early brief that the city’s attorneys filed in their defense of the ordinances, in which they “slipped into the habit of discussing whether the religion itself was burdened by the state, rather than whether each plaintiff’s ‘exercise of religion’ was substantially burdened” (109.) This habit, coupled with some peculiarities in the language of the statute, “attributed legal agency to the religious traditions. It brought the religions themselves into the courtroom as actors- actors who were incarnated- or not- in the various objects in the cemetery” (108.) This odd puppet show resulted in a trial in which counsel, witnesses, and judge consistently failed to understand each other. The city’s counsel spent a considerable portion of his examination of the plaintiffs trying to prove that they were not faithful adherents of the religions they professed (127) and the judge showed no deference to any form of learning brought by the various expert witnesses (133.)

Considering that “the religious traditions” (Christianity, Judaism, etc) are vast abstractions, it is little wonder that treating them as if they were the litigants in the case was so unproductive. The defense was “almost hysterical” (104) in its belief that a religious freedom jurisprudence focused on the particular claims of actual individuals with standing to sue would dissolve into anarchy, and the judge does not seem to have considered such an approach. For her part, Professor Sullivan doesn’t seem to think anarchy would be all bad. She cites approvingly Farewell to Christendom by Thomas Curry (143f.) Curry argues for a revolutionary conception of religious freedom, a “utopian challenge of radical freedom, a freedom that depends in no way upon government.” I’m no expert, but maybe before we commit to anarchism the courts could spend some time considering the particular claims that specific litigants bring before them concerning their own legally enforceable rights.

Professor Sullivan also recommends (158) John Bowen’s 2003 book Islam, Law, and Equality in Indonesia, a study of the interactions among three quite distinct legal systems: Islamic law, customary law, and the laws of the Republic of Indonesia.

As the title of her book would suggest, Professor Sullivan’s conclusion is that the USA’s system of jurisprudence is not competent to guarantee any special protections to religious practice (150-159.)

I would be inclined to go further than she does in this connection. My idea is that, while other freedoms can be defined in terms of the social system that exists in a given country at a given time, religion is not thus definable. Economic freedom is meaningful only in terms of the ability to act within a given system to acquire and retain the the goods and services that are of value to the people who live under that system; political freedom is meaningful only in terms of the ability to influence the existing political system so as to advance one’s interests; etc. There is, however, no rational principle we can turn to that will tell us which practices, objects, attitudes, statements, and organizational patterns the various religions that may arise within a community will decide are of importance. The range of possible sacred duties, as for that matter the range of possible intolerable blasphemies, would seem to be infinite, if not absolutely unbounded in all directions.

If this is so, it would indeed be impossible for courts to do very much to ensure religious liberty. Courts apply rules, and where there are no general principles there can be no application of rules. If we are to have a pluralistic society in which it is up to individuals to decide what practices they will or will not engage in, what objects they will or will not venerate, what attitudes they will or will not adopt, what statements they will or will not make, and what organizations they will or will not join, and if we are not to resort to a utopian anarchism, it would seem that the electorate and its representatives in the legislative bodies will have to pay attention each time individuals speak up about the religious significance they find in a given practice, object, attitude, statement, or organization, and will have to decide whether and how to adapt public policy to the interests of those individuals in regard to that point.

Sitting through the ads?

It seems likely that higher education in the USA will undergo massive changes over the next few years. I have no idea what those will be, and suspect they will be very, very bad.

One change that might be good would be an inversion of the usual schedule of courses undergraduates have been expected to take for the last 120 years. The pattern has been that they take a wide variety of courses in their first year, that the focus tightens a bit more narrowly in the second year, and that they spend the final two years concentrating on their major field of study.

This is something like the experience of going to a cinema. You sit through a bunch of miscellaneous material promoting upcoming films, urging you to buy things at the concession stand, and advertising various other goods and services, as well as warning you to behave yourself and refrain from pirating the movie or distracting your fellow movie-goers. Then you are allowed to pay attention to the feature presentation.

Colleges and universities fret endlessly about ways to fashion a coherent experience out of the courses students take in their first two years. At the same time, the faculty who teach those courses are pressured to use them to recruit students to sign up for the majors their departments offer. The result is that students emerge from the Core Curriculum or General Education or Distribution Requirements or whatever they happen to be called at the moment with the feeling that they’ve just spent a couple of years and a great deal of tuition money listening to people try to sell them stuff they didn’t want. It’s no wonder so few college graduates object when state governments defund academic programs; on the contrary, it’s amazing that states still operate institutions of higher education at all.

Now, suppose it were turned round the other way. You take courses in your major for the first two years; the third year you do several small-scale supervised projects in your major field and take courses in closely related fields; in the fourth year you do a larger scale supervised project in your field and take courses in a wide range of fields. For the last 25 years, I’ve been teaching in the Core Curriculum at a state university in the midwestern USA; most of my students are in their first two years, and most of them are 19. Plenty of students in those categories wind up with A’s, but it is the more advanced undergrads and the students who are in their 30s and older who usually have the most fun and contribute the most to class discussion. The advanced undergrads, both because they are confident that they know how to succeed in college, and because they know enough about their majors to see how they connect with other disciplines; the older students, because the authors to whose work I introduce them in the ancient Greek and Latin literature in translation courses were writing for grown-ups, and those students have the life experiences those authors expected their readers to bring with them.

As the years have gone by and tuition has spiraled up, the older students have become a rarity. If the best-case scenario for the future comes to pass and US colleges and universities either stop charging tuition altogether, or at least lower it to the same percentage of median household income it was a couple of decades ago, they might come back. If they do, I should think they would benefit from concentrating on their majors first, then doing other courses. People who’ve been away from school for a long time are often nervous about resuming the role of student. If they can get that nervousness out of the way while doing something they already know they want to do, they’ll be at their peak coming into subjects that hadn’t been on their radar. They will then get the full benefit of those courses, and their classmates and teachers will benefit from association with them.

Likewise with advanced undergrads of the usual late teens- early twenties cohort. Taking courses outside their major when they have a grip on their major and are looking forward to the next stage of their lives, they should be able to see that, however important their specialty is, there are other forms of expertise, and those forms have something to offer as well.